| | - Jawf, Al-
- oasis region, western Yemen. It is bordered by the far-southwest extension of the Rub' al-Khali, the great sandy desert of the Arabian Peninsula. The Wadi al-Jawf, an intermittent stream with headwaters in the mountains of the Yemen Highlands, crosses the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jawf, Wadi al-
- (from the article "Jawf, Al-") oasis region, western Yemen. It is bordered by the far-southwest extension of the Rub' al-Khali, the great sandy desert of the Arabian Peninsula. The Wadi al-Jawf, an intermittent stream with headwaters in the mountains of the Yemen Highlands, crosses the ...
- Jawhar
- (from the article "Mu'izz, al-") ...His authority was acknowledged over the greater part of the region now comprising Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, and he soon took the island of Sicily. In the years 958-959 he sent his general Jawhar westward to reduce Fes and other ...
- Jawizan ibn Sahl
- (from the article "Khorram-dinan") ...descendant of Abu Muslim. Other sources, emphasizing the belief in transmigration of souls current among the Khorram-dinan, maintain that Babak claimed to possess the soul of Jawizan ibn Sahl, a former leader of the Khorram-dinan. In 816 Babak, believing that ...
- Jawl, Al-
- (from the article "Arabian Desert") ...scarps are formed by cuestas (low ridges with steep faces on one side and gentle slopes on the other) of limestone reaching to highlands of the Hadhramaut in the south, where the plateau of Al-Jawl (Jol) is located. The Tuwayq ...
- Jawlensky, Alexey von
- Russian painter noted for his Expressionistic portraits and the mystical tone of his late paintings of abstract faces. [2 Related Articles]
- Jaworski, Leon
- American lawyer who rose to national prominence on Nov. 5, 1973, when he was sworn in as Watergate special prosecutor and made constitutional history when he convinced the U.S. Supreme Court that President Richard M. Nixon was bound to obey ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jaworzno
- city, Slaskie wojewodztwo (province), south-central Poland. It was founded in the 18th century when rich deposits of zinc and lead ore and beds of coal were discovered nearby. Jaworzno is an important coal-mining and industrial city, with ...
- Jawsaq al-Khaqani
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...architecture is the palace-city. Several of these huge palaces are part of the enormous mass of ruins at Samarra', the temporary 'Abbasid capital from 838 to 883. Jawsaq al-Khaqani, for instance, is a walled architectural complex nearly one mile to ...
- jay
- any of about 35 to 40 bird species belonging to the family Corvidae (order Passeriformes) that inhabits woodlands and is known for its bold, raucous manner. Most are found in the New World, but several are Eurasian. Jays are nearly ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jay of Battersea, Douglas Patrick Thomas Jay
- BARON, British Labour Party politician and economist whose vehement opposition to the U.K.'s membership in the European Economic Community led to his dismissal as the president of the Board of Trade in 1967, though he retained his seat in Parliament ...
- Jay Polyglot Bible, Le
- (from the article "Ibrahim al-Haqilani") Ordained a deacon, Ibrahim taught Arabic and Syriac first at Pisa, then in Rome, and in 1628 he published a Syriac grammar. In 1640 he began collaborating on the Le Jay Polyglot Bible, publishing the Book of Ruth in Arabic, ...
- Jay Treaty
- (Nov. 19, 1794), agreement that assuaged antagonisms between the United States and Great Britain, established a base upon which America could build a sound national economy, and assured its commercial prosperity. [9 Related Articles]
- Jay, John
- a founding father of the United States who served the new nation in both law and diplomacy. He established important judicial precedents as first chief justice of the United States (1789-95) and negotiated the Jay Treaty of 1794, which settled ... [5 Related Articles]
- Jay-Z
- American rapper and entrepreneur, one of the most influential figures in hip-hop in the 1990s and 2000s. [2 Related Articles]
- Jaya Harivarman I
- (from the article "Suryavarman II") Suryavarman deposed the Cham king in 1144 and annexed Champa in the following year. The Chams, under a new leader, King Jaya Harivarman I, defeated Khmer troops in a decisive battle at Chakling, near Phan Rang, in southern Vietnam. Suryavarman ...
- Jaya Indravarman III
- (from the article "Suryavarman II") ...Suryavarman's fleet of 700 junks began a long harassment along the coast in the Gulf of Tonkin. Suryavarman persuaded the kingdom of Champa to assist him in these efforts, but in 1136 the Cham king, Jaya Indravarman III, defected and ...
- Jaya Pandita
- (from the article "Mongolia") ...made sweeping campaigns far to the east in Mongolia but were never quite able to consolidate their gains. In trying to make the Oyrat a recognizably distinct nation, the great religious leader the Jaya Pandita revised the Mongol alphabet, making ...
- Jaya Peak
- highest peak on the island of New Guinea, in the Sudirman Range, western central highlands. Located in the Indonesian part of New Guinea, known as Irian Jaya, the 16,500-ft (5,030-m) Ngga Palu summit is the highest in the southwestern Pacific ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jaya Sthiti
- (from the article "Nepal") ...were devout Hindus, they did not impose Brahmanic social codes or values on their non-Hindu subjects; the Mallas perceived their responsibilities differently, however, and the great Malla ruler Jaya Sthiti (reigned c. 1382-95) introduced the first legal and social code ...
- Jayabhaya
- (from the article "Kadiri") ...divided his kingdom between his two sons before he died in 1049: the western part was called Kadiri, or Panjalu, with Daha as its capital, while the eastern part was called Janggala. Jayabhaya of Kadiri (reigned 1135-57) successfully annexed Janggala. ...
- Jayacandra
- (from the article "India") The Gahadavalas rose to importance in Varanasi and extended their kingdom up the Gangetic plain, including Kannauj. The king Jayacandra (12th century) is mentioned in the poem Prithviraja-raso by Candbardai, in which his daughter, the princess Sanyogita, ...
- Jayadeva
- Indian author of the celebrated Sanskrit poem Gitagovinda ("Song of the Cowherd"), which helped to popularize devotional Hinduism. [3 Related Articles]
- Jayakanthan
- (from the article "South Asian arts") Contemporary literature is represented by T. Janakiraman, who writes novels, short stories, and plays with themes from urban Tamil middle-class family life; Jayakanthan, a sharp and passionate writer, with a tendency to shock his readers; and L.S. Ramatirthan, probably the ...
- Jayanagara
- (from the article "Gajah Mada") No information is available on his early life, except that he was born a commoner. He rose to power on his intelligence, courage, and loyalty to King Jayanagara (1309-28) during a rebellion led by Kuti in 1319. He served as ...
- Jayapala
- (from the article "India") The establishment of Turkish power in India is initially tied up with politics in the Punjab. The Punjab was ruled by Jayapala of the Hindu Shahi family (Shahiya), which had in the 9th century wrested the Kabul valley and Gandhara ...
- Jayapura
- city and capital of Papua propinsi (province), eastern Indonesia, on the northern coast of the island of New Guinea. It is a port on Jos Sudarso (Humboldt) Bay at the foot of Mount Cycloop (7,087 feet [2,160 metres]). During World ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jayasena, Henry
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...and adapting for the modern stage traditional dramatic forms such as the kolam. Several new playwrights have become prominent in the mid-20th century. Foremost among them is Henry Jayasena. A producer-writer-actor, Jayasena has written and staged plays in Sinhalese and ...
- Jayavarman II
- posthumous name Paramesvara (literally, Supreme Lord) founder of the Khmer, or Cambodian, Empire and outstanding member of the series of rulers of the Angkor period (802-1431). Among Jayavarman II's accomplishments were the deification of the Cambodian monarchy, the establishment of ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jayavarman V
- (from the article "Cambodia") ...nearly 30 years-Rajendravarman II (ruled 944-968) restored the capital and set in motion a period of peace and prosperity that lasted nearly a century. During the reign of his successor, Jayavarman V (968-c. 1000), the rose-coloured sandstone shrine of Banteai ...
- Jayavarman VII
- one of the most forceful and productive kings of the Khmer (Cambodian) Empire of Angkor (reigning 1181-c. 1220). He expanded the empire to its greatest territorial extent and engaged in a building program that yielded numerous temples (including Angkor Thom; ... [5 Related Articles]
- Jayawijaya Mountains
- eastern section of the Maoke Mountains (q.v.), part of the central highlands of New Guinea. Located in the Indonesian part (Irian Jaya) of New Guinea, the range extends for 230 miles (370 km) east of the Sudirman Range to the ...
- Jayewardene, J.R.
- lawyer and public official who served as president of Sri Lanka from 1978 to 1989. [3 Related Articles]
- Jayyash
- (from the article "Najahid Dynasty") Two of Najah's sons, Sa'id and Jayyash, who had fled the capital, plotted to restore themselves to the Najahid throne and in 1081 killed 'Ali. Sa'id, supported by the large Ethiopian Mamluk population, easily secured control of Zabid. 'Ali's son ...
- JAZ protein
- (from the article "plant disease") ...against insects, animals, and pathogens. One such example involves a plant hormone called jasmonate (jasmonic acid). In the absence of harmful stimuli, jasmonate binds to special proteins, called JAZ proteins, to regulate plant growth, pollen production, and other processes. In ...
- Jazari, al-
- (from the article "automaton") In the Islamic world there were a number of inventors active from about the 9th century. Best-documented are the water-operated automatons, many of moving peacocks, invented and made by al-Jazari, who worked in the 13th century for princes of the ...
- Jazdow
- (from the article "Warsaw") ...have confirmed the existence of Stare Brodno, a small trading settlement of the 10th and early 11th centuries AD. Its functions were taken over successively by Kamion (c. 1065) and Jazdow (first recorded in 1262). About the end of the ...
- Jazeera, al-
- Arabic-language cable news television network founded by the emir of Qatar in 1996. It was transmitted from Doha, Qatar, and from bureaus around the world, beginning continuous programming in 1999. Al-Jazeera provided a mix of news, talk shows, and educational ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jazirah
- (from the article "Cairo") ...al-Balad ("city centre," or downtown), is flanked by these older quarters. The Wast al-Balad includes the older Al-Azbakiyyah district, Garden City, and, more recently, Jazirah, the island offshore. The major thoroughfare connecting the city along its north-south axis is the ...
- Jazirah, Al-
- (Arabic: "Island"), the northern reaches of Mesopotamia, now making up part of northern Iraq and extending into eastern Turkey and extreme northeastern Syria. The region lies between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and is bounded on the south by a ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jazirah, Al-
- region, east-central Sudan. Al-Jazirah lies just southeast of the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers; the Blue Nile runs northwestward through the central part of the region, and the White Nile lies to the west. The Blue Nile ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jazuliyah
- (from the article "Shadhiliyah") ...himself discouraged monasticism and urged his followers to maintain their ordinary lives, a tradition still followed. The order has given rise to an unusually large number of suborders, notably the Jazuliyah and the Darqawa in Morocco and the 'Isawiyah in ...
- jazz
- musical form, often improvisational, developed by African Americans and influenced by both European harmonic structure and African rhythms. It was developed partially from ragtime and blues and is often characterized by syncopated rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, varying degrees of improvisation, ... [110 Related Articles]
- Jazz Age
- (from the article "United States") For millions of Americans, the sober-minded Coolidge was a more appropriate symbol for the era than the journalistic terms Jazz Age or Roaring Twenties. These terms were exaggerations, but they did have some basis in fact. Many young men and ...
- jazz dance
- any dance to jazz accompaniments, composed of a profusion of forms. Jazz dance paralleled the birth and spread of jazz itself from roots in black American society and was popularized in ballrooms by the big bands of the swing era ...
- Jazz Messengers
- (from the article "Blakey, Art") ...to Islam. Upon his return to the United States he was hired to play drums on several Blue Note Records recordings with jazz pianist Thelonious Monk. With Horace Silver, Blakey founded the Jazz Messengers (1954), toured Europe, and recorded (1955-61) ...
- jazz poetry
- poetry that is read to the accompaniment of jazz music. Authors of such poetry attempt to emulate the rhythms and freedom of the music in their poetry. Forerunners of the style included the works of Vachel Lindsay, who read his ...
- jazz-rock
- popular musical form in which modern jazz improvisation is accompanied by the bass lines, drumming styles, and instrumentation of rock music, with a strong emphasis on electronic instruments and dance rhythms. [4 Related Articles]
- Jazzar, Ahmad al-
- (from the article "'Akko") The city's old fortifications and citadel were strengthened by Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (Arabic: "The Butcher"), the Turkish governor (1775-1804), and withstood Napoleon's siege (1799). Though the city had surrendered to the Egyptian viceroy Ibrahim Pasha in 1832, the citadel itself ...
- Jazzar, Great Mosque of Al-
- (from the article "'Akko") ...small fishing boats. Industries in modern 'Akko include a steel-rolling mill and match, tile, and plastic plants. Prominent structures, aside from the citadel, include the Great Mosque, built by Al-Jazzar and named for him; the Municipal Museum, housed in the ...
- JC virus
- (from the article "virus") ...cell) but sometimes induces malignancy (sarcomas or lymphomas) in the occasional cell that is transformed. Viruses related to polyomavirus and SV40 have been isolated from humans, one of which, the JC virus, appears to be the causative agent of a ...
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