| | - Ibn Kathir
- in full 'imad Ad-din Isma'il Ibn 'umar Ibn Kathir Muslim theologian and historian who became one of the leading intellectual figures of 14th-century Syria.
- Ibn Khafajah
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...colleague in Aleppo, as-Sanawbari (died 945), a classic exponent of the descriptive style. This style in time reached Spain, where the superb garden and landscape poetry of Ibn Khafajah (died 1139) displayed an even higher degree of elegance and sensitivity ...
- Ibn Khaldun
- the greatest Arab historian, who developed one of the earliest nonreligious philosophies of history, contained in his masterpiece, the Muqaddimah ("Introduction"). He also wrote a definitive history of Muslim North Africa. [8 Related Articles]
- Ibn Khallikan
- Muslim judge and author of a classic Arabic biographical dictionary. Ibn Khallikan studied in Irbil, Aleppo, and Damascus. [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn Killis
- (from the article "Egypt") ...Several Copts held the highest administrative post-the vizierate-without changing their religion. Jews also figured prominently in the government; in fact, a Jewish convert to Islam, Ibn Killis, was the first Fatimid vizier and is credited with laying the foundations of ...
- Ibn Majah
- (from the article "'ilm al-hadith") ...arranged by matn-those of al-Bukhari (d. 870), Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (d. 875), Abu Da'ud (d. 888), at-Tirmidhi (d. 892), Ibn Majah (d. 886), and an-Nasa'i (d. 915)-came to be recognized as canonical in orthodox Islam, though the books of al-Bukhari ...
- Ibn Masarrah
- (from the article "Islam") ...from the Greek philosophers) translated into Arabic. It represented an attempt to bridge the gulf between the absolute One and the multiplicity of forms in Intelligence. The Andalusian mystic Ibn Masarrah (9th-10th centuries) is reported to have championed pseudo-Empedoclean doctrines, ...
- Ibn Misjah
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...prominent musicians were Arab by birth or acculturation, but the alien element continued to play a predominant role in Islamic music. The first and the greatest musician of the Umayyad era was Ibn Misjah, often honoured as the father of ...
- Ibn Miskawayh
- in full Abu 'Ali Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ya'qub Ibn Miskawayh Persian scientist, philosopher, and historian whose scholarly works became models for later generations of Islamic thinkers. [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn Muhriz
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...In the 8th century Yunus al-Katib, author of the first Arabic book of musical theory, compiled the first collection of songs. Other notable musicians of the period were Ibn Muhriz, of Persian ancestry; Ibn Surayj, son of a Persian slave ...
- Ibn Mujahid
- (from the article "Qur'an") ...in orthography, vocalization, and pronunciation. There were also different interpretations of some verses, which naturally affected their theological significance. In the 10th century the theologian Ibn Mujahid refined the orthography, which resulted in greater uniformity in the text. He reduced ...
- Ibn Muqlah
- in full Abu 'ali Muhammad Ibn 'ali Ibn Muqlah one of the foremost calligraphers of the 'Abbasid Age (750-1258), reputed inventor of the first cursive style of Arabic lettering, the naskhi script, which replaced the angular Kufic as the standard ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ibn Qutaybah
- writer of adab literature-that is, of literature exhibiting wide secular erudition-and also of theology, philology, and literary criticism. He introduced an Arabic prose style outstanding for its simplicity and ease, or "modern" flavour. [5 Related Articles]
- Ibn Quzman
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...strophic form developed in Spain is the songlike zajal (melody), interesting for its embodiment of dialect phrases and the use of occasional words from Romance languages. Its master was Ibn Quzman of Cordoba (died 1160), whose life-style was similar to ...
- Ibn Rashid
- (from the article "Ibn Sa'ud") The Sa'uds ruled much of Arabia from 1780 to 1880; but, while Ibn Sa'ud was still an infant, his family, driven out by their rivals, the Rashids, became penniless exiles in Kuwait. In 1901 Ibn Sa'ud, then 21, set out ...
- Ibn Rashiq
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...("correct style"), including such topics as grammatical accuracy and plagiarism. Al-'Askari's work was carried on and expanded in another important piece of synthesis, Ibn Rashiq's Al-'Umdah fi mahasin al-shi'r wa adabihi wa naqdihi ("The Mainstay Concerning Poetry's ...
- Ibn Sa'd
- (from the article "Muhammad") ...works is the Kitab al-maghazi of al-Waqidi (747-823). The Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir of Ibn Sa'd (died 844/845) is another important source on the life of Muhammad, his companions, and later figures in Islamic history. ...
- Ibn Sa'ud
- in full 'abd Al-'aziz Ibn 'abd Ar-rahman Ibn Faysal Ibn Turki 'abd Allah Ibn Muhammad Al Sa'ud tribal and Muslim religious leader who formed the modern state of Saudi Arabia and initiated the exploitation of its oil. [10 Related Articles]
- ibn Shem Tov, Joseph ben Shem Tov
- Jewish philosopher and Castilian court physician who attempted to mediate the disdain shown for philosophy by contemporary Jewish scholars by undertaking a reconciliation of Aristotelian ethical philosophy with Jewish religious thought, best exemplified by his influential Kevod Elohim (written 1442; ...
- Ibn Shuhayd
- (from the article "Spain") In Arab literature, poetry possesses greater vitality than prose. Even so, there are several prose writers of importance. Ibn Shuhayd (c. 1035) was the author of a work that lent inspiration to Abu al-'Ala' al-Ma'arri for his Risalat al-ghufran ("Epistle ...
- Ibn Surayj
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...al-Katib, author of the first Arabic book of musical theory, compiled the first collection of songs. Other notable musicians of the period were Ibn Muhriz, of Persian ancestry; Ibn Surayj, son of a Persian slave and noted for his elegies ...
- Ibn Taymiyyah
- one of Islam's most forceful theologians who, as a member of the Pietist school founded by Ibn Hanbal, sought the return of the Islamic religion to its sources: the Qur'an and the sunnah, revealed writing and the prophetic tradition. He ... [8 Related Articles]
- ibn Tibbon, Jacob ben Machir
- French Jewish physician, translator, and astronomer whose work was utilized by Copernicus and Dante. He was highly regarded as a physician and served as regent of the faculty of medicine at the University of Montpellier. He was the grandson of ...
- ibn Tibbon, Judah ben Saul
- Jewish physician and translator of Jewish Arabic-language works into Hebrew; he was also the progenitor of several generations of important translators.
- ibn Tibbon, Moses ben Samuel
- Jewish physician like his father, Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, and his paternal grandfather, Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon, and an important translator of Arabic-language works into Hebrew. His translations served to disseminate Greek and Arab culture throughout Europe. Besides ...
- ibn Tibbon, Samuel ben Judah
- Jewish translator and physician whose most significant achievement was an accurate and faithful rendition from the Arabic into Hebrew of Maimonides' classic Dalalat al-ha'irin (Hebrew More nevukhim; English The Guide of the Perplexed). [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn Tufayl
- in full Muhammad Ibn 'abd Al-malik Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tufayl Al-qaysi, also called Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn 'abd Al-malik Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tufayl Al-qaysi Moorish philosopher and physician who is known for his Hayy ibn yaqzan ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ibn Tumart
- Berber spiritual and military leader who founded the al-Muwahhidun confederation in North Africa (see Almohads). The doctrine he taught combined a strict conception of the unity of God with a program of juridical and puritanical moral reform, based on a ... [5 Related Articles]
- Ibn Verga, Solomon
- (from the article "Judaism") That the Almighty himself was not quite omnipotent, at least with respect to the fate of his chosen people, was cautiously hinted in a Hebrew work of history (1550) by Solomon ibn Verga (1460-1554), who regarded the Jewish problem as ...
- Ibn Wahb
- (from the article "Kharijite") ...other, fight against that which rebels" (49:9). A small number of these pietists withdrew (kharaju) to the village of Harura' under the leadership of Ibn Wahb and, when arbitration proved disastrous to 'Ali, were joined near Nahrawan by a larger ...
- Ibn Wahshiyah
- Middle Eastern agriculturist and toxicologist alleged to have written al-Fillahah an-Nabatiyah ("Nabatean Agriculture"), a major treatise dealing with plants, water sources and quality, weather conditions, the causes of deforestation, soils and their improvement, crop cultivation, and other similar subjects. The ...
- Ibn Yunus
- (from the article "eclipse") ...or a bright star (for a lunar obscuration). These altitude measurements were later converted to local time. For instance, the lunar eclipse of April 22, ! 981, was recorded by the Cairo astronomer Ibn Yunus:This lunar eclipse was in the ...
- Ibn Zaydun
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...internal rhymes, and, embodying some popular expressions in the poem's final section, soon achieved a standardized form. The theme is almost always love. Among the greatest lyric poets of Spain was Ibn Zaydun of Cordoba (died 1071), who was of ...
- Ibn Zayla
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...as the theory of sound, intervals, genres and systems, composition, rhythm, and instruments, as did others such as as-Sarakhsi, his contemporary Thabit ibn Qurrah, and Avicenna's pupil Ibn Zayla. The last important theorist to emerge during the 'Abbasid period was ...
- Ibn Zuhr
- one of medieval Islam's foremost thinkers and the greatest medical clinician of the western caliphate.
- ibogaine
- hallucinogenic drug and the principal iboga alkaloid, found in the stems, leaves, and especially in the roots of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga. Ibogaine was isolated from the plant in 1901 and was synthesized in 1966. In small doses it ... [1 Related Articles]
- Iboundji, Mount
- (from the article "Chaillu Massif") ...rivers and forms the country's main watershed. The range contains Mount Milondo (3,346 feet [1,020 m]), which is 53 miles (85 km) southwest of Koula-Moutou. Other high points in the range are Mount Iboundji (3,215 feet [980 m]) and Mount ...
- Ibrahim
- (from the article "Gama, Vasco da") ...reaching the port of Sofala in East Africa on June 14. After calling briefly at Mozambique, the Portuguese expedition sailed to Kilwa, in what is now Tanzania. The ruler of Kilwa, the amir Ibrahim, had been unfriendly to Cabral; da ...
- Ibrahim
- Ottoman sultan whose unstable character made him prey to the ambitions of his ministers and relatives and to his own self-indulgence; as a consequence, the Ottoman state was weakened by war, misrule, and rebellion during his reign (1640-48). [2 Related Articles]
- Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II
- (from the article "'Adil Shahi Dynasty") The dynasty's greatest period was during the reign of Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II (1579-1626), who extended his frontier as far south as Mysore and was a skillful administrator and a generous patron of the arts. He reverted to the Sunnite ...
- Ibrahim al-Haqilani
- Latinized form Abraham Ecchellensis Maronite Catholic scholar noted for his Arabic translation of books of the Bible.
- Ibrahim al-Imam
- (from the article "Hashimiyah") In the hands of Muhammad and his successor Ibrahim al-Imam (c. 701-749), the Hashimiyah became a political instrument for stirring up anti-Umayyad sentiment among moderate Shi'ite and non-Arab, especially Iranian, converts to Islam. The sect's missionary branch, developed by Abu ...
- Ibrahim al-Mawsili
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...experience, and mathematical speculation. The artist was required to possess technical proficiency, creative power, and almost encyclopaedic knowledge. Among the finest artists of the period were Ibrahim al-Mawsili and his son Ishaq. Members of a noble Persian family, they were ...
- Ibrahim ibn Adham
- (from the article "Islam") ...experience. A variation of the Buddha legend has been transferred onto the person of the first Sufi (mystic) who practiced absolute poverty and trust in God, the Central Asian Ibrahim ibn Adham (died c. 780). The founders of mystical orders ...
- Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab
- (from the article "Islamic world") ...prominent members of a family of Buddhist converts, the Barmakids, he found them such rivals that he liquidated them within a matter of years. It was also during Harun's reign that Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab, a trusted governor in Tunis, founded ...
- Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...by simplicity and artistic severity. The Mawsilis represented the older classical tradition; the proponents of modernism were Ibn Jami' and the celebrated singer Prince Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi.
- Ibrahim ibn Muhammad
- (from the article "Ziyadid Dynasty") ...'Abbasid control, and, when the Banu Ya'fur-the pre-Islamic nobility-set up an independent dynasty there in 859, they soon forced the Ziyadi ruler Ibrahim ibn Muhammad (859-902) to cede territory in return for tribute. More territory, including Zabid itself, was lost ...
- Ibrahim ibn Sinan
- (from the article "mathematics") However, not only arithmetic and algebra but geometry too underwent extensive development. Thabit ibn Qurrah, his grandson Ibrahim ibn Sinan (909-946), Abu Sahl al-Kuhi (died c. 995), and Ibn al-Haytham solved problems involving the pure geometry of conic sections, including ...
- Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub
- (from the article "Prague") ...and Boleslav I, whose reign (c. 936-967) witnessed the consolidation of power against a German threat. The little community flourished, and in 965 the Jewish merchant and traveler Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub was able to describe it as a "busy trading ...
- Ibrahim Index for African Governance
- (from the article "Mauritius") ...losses for both industries. The country was recognized for its strong record on human rights, its anticorruption legislation, and its progressive programs on health, education, and poverty when the Ibrahim Index for African Governance ranked Mauritius number one on its ...
- Ibrahim Katkhuda
- (from the article "'Ali Bey") 'Ali Bey was an enslaved Caucasian who was made a gift to Ibrahim Katkhuda, an emir who was the virtual ruler of Egypt. 'Ali earned the confidence of his master, who later freed him and advanced him to the rank ...
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