Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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C ... Cabanilles, Juan Bautista Jose

C: computer programming language developed in the early 1970s by American computer scientist Dennis M. Ritchie at Bell Laboratories (formerly AT&T Bell Laboratories). C was designed as a minimalist language to be used in writing operating systems for minicomputers, such as ... [1 Related Articles]
C band: (from the article "radar") ...It is similar in principle to Nexrad but is a shorter-range system since it has to observe dangerous weather phenomena only in the vicinity of an airport. It operates from 5.60 to 5.65 GHz (C band) to avoid interference with ...
C clef: (from the article "clef") The C clef, or movable C clef, determines the position of middle C. It is commonly found in two principal positions: as an alto clef (standard for the viola), in which the middle line carries C:
C fibre: (from the article "pain") ...therefore, they are associated with the sharp, well-localized pain that first occurs. These fibres are thinly myelinated and are activated by mechanical and thermal stimuli. Smaller, unmyelinated C fibres respond to chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli and are associated with ...
C horizon: (from the article "soil") Below the A and B horizons is the C horizon, a zone of little or no humus accumulation or soil structure development. The C horizon often is composed of unconsolidated parent material from which the A and B horizons have ...
C ring: (from the article "Saturn") ...in optical depth, with an average value of 0.1. The A ring extends from 2.02 to 2.27 Saturn radii and has optical depths of 0.4 to 1.0. Interior to the B ring lies the third major ring, the C ring ...
C&G Trophy: (from the article "Cricket") In domestic cricket in England, Warwickshire won the county championship, Gloucestershire the one-day C&G Trophy, and Leicestershire the Twenty20 Cup (the 20-over-a-side tournament that, in its second season, lured a crowd of over 25,000 to Lord's). Victoria won Australia's Pura ...
C++: (from the article "computer programming language") The C++ language, developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T in the mid-1980s, extended C by adding objects to it while preserving the efficiency of C programs. It has been one of the most important languages for both education and industrial ...
C-141: (from the article "logistics") ...of World War II vintage that carried out the Berlin airlift of 1948-49 had a capacity of about four tons (3,640 kilograms) and a maximum range of 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometres). The U.S. C-141 jet transport, which went into service ...
C-17 Globemaster III: (from the article "aerospace industry") ...transporters have special features such as short-takeoff-and-landing capability, loading ramps, airdrop capability, and paratroop doors. In the United States, Boeing builds the four-turbofan C-17 Globemaster III airlifter. Airbus Military, a subsidiary of Airbus Industrie, manages a multinational group of leading ...
C-3 cycle: (from the article "bacteria") ...synthesize all their cell constituents using carbon dioxide as the carbon source. The most common pathways for synthesizing organic compounds from carbon dioxide are the reductive pentose phosphate (Calvin) cycle, the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the acetyl-CoA pathway (see ...
C-4 cycle: (from the article "Poaceae") The most significant variation in the internal structure of grass leaves involves anatomical differences associated with two photosynthetic pathways: the pathway that synthesizes a four-carbon (C-4) compound and that which synthesizes a three-carbon (C-3) compound. The chief distinction between these ...
C-47: U.S. military transport aircraft that served in all theatres during World War II and continued in service long afterward. It was used to haul cargo, transport troops, drop paratroops, tow gliders, and as a flying ambulance.
C-5: (from the article "aerospace industry") ...proposals to build a large transporter for the U.S. Air Force. Lockheed and engine manufacturer General Electric won the contract and developed the world's largest aircraft at that time, the C-5 Galaxy. Boeing and its engine partner Pratt & Whitney, ...
C-5A: (from the article "logistics") ...Coast to South Vietnam in 43 hours and evacuate wounded back to the East Coast (10,000 miles) in less than a day. By 1970 these capabilities were dwarfed by the new "global logistics" C-5A, with payloads up to 130 tons ...
c-axis: (from the article "ice") ...near 0° C, the ice crystal commonly takes the form of sheets or planes of oxygen atoms joined in a series of open hexagonal rings. The axis parallel to the hexagonal rings is termed the c-axis and coincides with the ...
C-class asteroid: (from the article "Asteroid taxonomic classes") Among the larger asteroids (those with diameters greater than about 25 km), the C-class asteroids are the most common, accounting for about 65 percent by number. This is followed, in decreasing order, by the S class, at 15 percent; the ...
C-Fern: (from the article "water fern") ...bred and are maintained in culture collections, and detailed instructions on creating new mutant lines have been developed. These are made available to researchers and teachers under the trade name C-Fern.
C-Group culture: (from the article "Nubia") ...he named Yam, whence he obtained a Pygmy whom he brought to Pepi II. Toward the end of Harkhuf's career, the Nubian chiefs united, imperiling the Aswan expeditions. A new population (called C Group by archaeologists) inhabited Wawat, while a ...
c-L-myc oncogene: (from the article "oncogene") ...prefixes, suffixes, and superscripts provide further delineation. About 60 human oncogenes have been identified. Breast cancer has been linked to the c-neu oncogene and lung cancer to the c-L-myc gene. Oncogenes arising in members of the ras gene family are ...
c-neu oncogene: (from the article "oncogene") ...for cell or chromosome; additional prefixes, suffixes, and superscripts provide further delineation. About 60 human oncogenes have been identified. Breast cancer has been linked to the c-neu oncogene and lung cancer to the c-L-myc gene. Oncogenes arising in members of ...
C1: (from the article "immune system") ...antibodies must be bound to antigens (the antigen-antibody complex mentioned above). Free antibodies do not activate complement. To initiate the cascade, the first complement protein in the pathway, C1, must interact with a bound immunoglobulin. Specifically, C1 interacts with the ...
C3: (from the article "complement") ...embedded in the surface membranes of invading microorganisms and does not require the presence of antibodies. Both pathways converge to activate the pivotal protein of the complement system, called C3.immune ...
C3b: (from the article "immune system") ...activated. The classical and alternative complement pathways converge here, at the cleavage of the C3 molecule, which, once split, produces C3a and the large active form of C3, the fragment called C3b (see illustration).
C50: (from the article "Physical Sciences") In 2004 Xie Su Yuan and associates of the State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen, China, reported the synthesis of one such fullerene, C₅₀, which they described as the "little sister" of C₆₀. Like C₆₀, it ...
C60: (from the article "Physical Sciences") Nanoparticles, such as buckyballs (soccer-ball-shaped molecules [C₆₀] made of 60 carbon atoms), are ultrasmall particles whose unusual properties sparked substantial interest for their potential use in commercial and industrial products. Their properties also led to concern about their potential hazard ...
Ca Mau Peninsula: peninsula, the southernmost projection of Vietnam, lying between the South China Sea on the east and the Gulf of Thailand on the west, with drainage to each. The flat, triangular peninsula, with lengths ranging from 110 to 130 miles (180 ...
Ca River: river rising in the Loi Mountains of Laos and flowing southeastward through northern Vietnam to enter the Gulf of Tonkin near the city of Vinh after a course of 380 miles (612 km). The coastal riverine lowlands have relief features ...
Ca' d'Oro: (from the article "Venice") ...(13th to early 14th century) pointed and Moorish-looking and those of the 15th century adorned with fantastic trefoil and quatrefoil tracery. In the most ornate late Gothic palaces, such as the Ca' d'Oro (1425-c. 1440), the central panel extends across ...
Ca' da Mosto, Alvise: Venetian traveler and nobleman, who wrote one of the earliest known accounts of western Africa. [4 Related Articles]
Ca' Grande: (from the article "Venice") ...panel extends across the whole facade and is repeated on two upper stories. In the late 15th century, Renaissance forms began to influence palace architecture, as in the Palazzo Corner, also called Ca' Grande (c. 1533-c. 1545, designed by Jacopo ...
CA, Inc.: (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") The former chief executive officer of Computer Associates, which changed its name to CA, Inc., was ordered to pay nearly $800 million in restitution to investors who lost money owing to the firm's fraudulent accounting. The executive, Sanjay Kumar, also ...
CA-125: (from the article "ovarian cancer") ...including a pelvic exam. On rare occasions a Pap smear may detect an early ovarian tumour, but this test is far more accurate at detecting early cervical cancers. A blood test for a molecule called CA-125 may also be used ...
caa gazu: (from the article "mate") ...roasting; the branches are next heated on an arch of poles over a fire; and the dried leaves, placed in pits in the earth, are ground into coarse powder, producing a mate called caa gazu, or yerva do polos. In ...
caa-cuys: (from the article "mate") ...called caa gazu, or yerva do polos. In Paraguay and parts of Argentina the leaves, with midribs removed before roasting, are made into a mate called caa-miri. Caa-cuys, a Paraguayan mate of superior quality, is made from leaf buds. In ...
caa-miri: (from the article "mate") ...producing a mate called caa gazu, or yerva do polos. In Paraguay and parts of Argentina the leaves, with midribs removed before roasting, are made into a mate called caa-miri. Caa-cuys, a Paraguayan mate of superior quality, is made from ...
Caacupe: town, central Paraguay. The name Caacupe originated from the Guarani word caaguycupe, meaning "the other side of the mountain." Founded in 1770, the town nestles in a valley of the Altos Mountains. Although oranges, tobacco, and sugarcane ...
Caapor: (from the article "South American forest Indian") ...expressed in these adornments. The Carib tribes of the Guianas and some Tupi were outstanding in featherwork. The plumed mantles of the Tupinamba, the delicate and elaborate adornments of the Caapor of Maranhao state, and the rich and varied ones ...
caatinga: (from the article "South America") Caatinga (white forest) refers to the generally stunted, somewhat sparse, and often thorny vegetation of the dry interior of northeastern Brazil. Trees, leafless for long periods and able to resist drought, also are characteristic, particularly in the basin of the ...
Caazapa: town, southern Paraguay. Founded in 1607 by Friar Bolanos, the town is situated on the edge of the westward extension of the Brazilian Highlands, including the Cordillera (mountains) de Ybytyruzu. Caazapa is a lumbering and agricultural centre, and tanneries are ...
Cabaiguan: city, central Cuba. It is an important manufacturing and commercial centre for surrounding agricultural and pastoral lands known primarily for their sugarcane, although tobacco and fruits are grown and cattle are raised. Sugar refining is the principal industrial activity in ...
cabal: a private organization or party engaged in secret intrigues; also, the intrigues themselves. In England the word was used during the 17th century to describe any secret or extralegal council of the king, especially the foreign committee of the Privy ... [2 Related Articles]
cabaletta: (from Italian cobola, "couplet"), originally an operatic aria with a simple, animated rhythm, and later a fast concluding section of a two-part operatic aria. An example of the earlier type is Le belle immagini ...
Caballe, Montserrat: Spanish operatic soprano, admired for her versatility and phrasing and for her performances in the operas of Giuseppe Verdi, Gaetano Donizetti, and Richard Strauss. She began her studies as a child at the Conservatorio del Liceo in Barcelona with Eugenia ...
Caballero y Gongora, Antonio: (from the article "Colombia") Educational reforms played an important role in the changing outlook of the Granadine Creoles. Archbishop Caballero y Gongora as viceroy (1782-88) made education one of his main interests. He modernized the program of studies in the schools, opened a school ...
Caballero, Eugenio: (from the article "2006: Other Winners") ...Screenplay: Michael Arndt for Little Miss SunshineAdapted Screenplay: William Monahan for The DepartedCinematography: Guillermo Navarro for Pan's LabyrinthArt Direction: Eugenio Caballero (art direction) and Pilar Revuelta (set decoration) for Pan's LabyrinthOriginal Score: Gustavo Santaolalla for BabelOriginal Song: "I Need to ...
Caballero, Fernan: Spanish writer whose novels and stories depict the language, customs, and folklore of rural Andalusia. [2 Related Articles]
Caballero, Pedro Juan: (from the article "Paraguay") ...from the Portuguese in defending the colony from further attacks from Buenos Aires, he underestimated the nationalistic spirit of the Paraguayans. Under the leadership of the militia captains Pedro Juan Cabellero and Fulgencio Yegros, they promptly deposed the governor and ...
Cabanas Hospice: (from the article "Orozco, Jose Clemente") ...culminated in his Guadalajara murals (1936-39), which he painted in the lecture hall of the University of Guadalajara (1936), the Governor's Palace (1937), and the chapel of the orphanage of Cabanas Hospice (1938-39), respectively. In these murals Orozco recapitulated the ...
Cabanatuan: chartered city, central Luzon, northern Philippines, on the Pampanga River. It is the commercial centre for the eastern portion of Luzon's central plain, which is heavily farmed in rice. An important highway junction, it is also the terminus of a ...
Cabanilles, Juan Bautista Jose: distinguished Spanish organist and composer for the organ. From 1665 he was organist at the Valencia cathedral, and he was ordained a priest in 1668. He apparently travelled little, although his reputation spread as far as France, where he is ...